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Let us begin with the instrumentalist strategy that technologies are means to ends and see if it may be improved. Prayers, spoken language and swimming strokes are means to ends; two of them are techniques and as such they share a family resemblance with applied sciences. But we are able to each reserve the useful distinction of the term ‘technique’ as properly as sharpen the analytical definition of ‘technology’ if we conform to exclude practices that can be completed without exterior, materials help. To make sense of Schatzberg’s call to arms, we want to pay shut consideration to how he defines the 2 ‘sharply diverging traditions’ of talking about expertise. Across the two millennial span of his historical past, Schatzberg locations commentators in a single or different of the camps. On the one facet is the ‘instrumental approach’, which adopts the language of means and ends and which thereby ‘portrays expertise as a slim technical rationality, uncreative and devoid of values’. R